Positive GAD antibodies but told type 2

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Jas_99

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Hi all,
I have undergone further tests to clarify what type I am after being on insulin since April.
I had
GAD Antibody test - results positive 54.5kiu/L
Islet Cell antibodies negative
ZnT8 antibodies negative
c-Peptide 1577pmol/L consistant with insulin production

The consultant has written back to me and said that I am type 2 and to now be treated as such as although my GAD antibodies are present they’re only “weakly present” and I still have C-Peptide's present. He stated “we typically expect to see high antibodies and low or absent cpeptide levels with type 1 diabetes therefore the above support the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes”

What does this all mean I’m so confused and so scared what will happen if I come off insulin as my levels are a still high even with insulin treatment. I don’t know what to do, any advice is welcome
 
Hi @Jas_99 They take all the tests and results and build a picture in order to determine your type. My consultant says that you need two or more antibodies to be Type 1 as a general rule. I don’t remember the details she told me but some of the Type 1 antibodies are more common than others do thus, presumably, a good indicator, eg the islet cells antibodies.

That, taken in conjunction with your high C Peptide would be why they’ve said you’re Type 2. It means you’re making enough of your own insulin. Are you overweight or slim but have a lot of abdominal fat? That can cause insulin resistance.

What insulins are you taking? How high are your sugars?
 
I would promptly email the Consultant (through the details of the Secretary given on the report you received) and tell him/her exactly what you've told us:
Confused and Scared.​
What will happen after no insulin when levels are still high now?​
Advice needed.​
I would cc that to my GP, since from your Consultant's report your GP might assume that you are signed off by the Consultant and your care is now automatically to be taken over by your GP in accordance with the NICE Guidelines for T2 (NG28).

That would be my 1st step. But meanwhile I've briefly looked back at your earlier posts and the replies and can see that your intro to D back in early 2023 was T2 and subsequently diagnosed as T1 after your persistence to get a referral to an Endo. So at first glance it does seem that your circumstances have been thoroughly considered.

I agree with the much wiser and more knowledgeable @Inka: it would help to have more history of your current insulins and all of any HbA1c results since your first at 105. Are you still on Tresiba? I am a huge fan of that basal - but I do recognise that it might not be ideal for everyone. I can't tell if you are female or male, which is relevant here since I think a young adult female might find Tresiba too restricting (inflexible) for managing BG and monthly cycles.

Meanwhile are you carb counting and how much have you been adjusting your basal and bolus doses since you officially became T1? I'm really trying to get to the root of why your bgs are still high after several months on Multiple Daily Injections (MDI). That is not a criticism of anything that you have (or have not) done in the last 8-9 months; just me trying to understand why you are still high and why you haven't been able to correct that by now. So please don't take any offence at my direct questions.

I also note that you were originally advised to not to go to a very low carb diet and while that advice was appropriate then, if your insulin gets withdrawn by your GP then exercise and carb control will be essential to regain some control over your BG.

What CGM did you end up choosing? How are you finding that? If your diagnosis remains as T2 you will become vulnerable to your GP withdrawing your prescription for CGM. Sorry to hint at this possible bad news, but the NICE Guidance for T2s has been revised and does give a GP some discretion. From other forum members we are reading that such discretion is, so far, not being used - certainly not for T2s without insulin. T2s with insulin might be possible candidates for CGM, but a GP would be subject to constraints from their Integrated Care Board (ICB).

Hope this helps rather than adds confusion.
 
scared what will happen if I come off insulin
Being T2 doesn't automatically mean you come off insulin. If that's suggested then you need to resist it unless you're satisfied that the alternatives are likely to work. Although you state that your levels are high on your current insulin regime anyway, so clearly something needs to change.
 
Hi,
I would promptly email the Consultant (through the details of the Secretary given on the report you received) and tell him/her exactly what you've told us:
Confused and Scared.​
What will happen after no insulin when levels are still high now?​
Advice needed.​
I would cc that to my GP, since from your Consultant's report your GP might assume that you are signed off by the Consultant and your care is now automatically to be taken over by your GP in accordance with the NICE Guidelines for T2 (NG28).

That would be my 1st step. But meanwhile I've briefly looked back at your earlier posts and the replies and can see that your intro to D back in early 2023 was T2 and subsequently diagnosed as T1 after your persistence to get a referral to an Endo. So at first glance it does seem that your circumstances have been thoroughly considered.

I agree with the much wiser and more knowledgeable @Inka: it would help to have more history of your current insulins and all of any HbA1c results since your first at 105. Are you still on Tresiba? I am a huge fan of that basal - but I do recognise that it might not be ideal for everyone. I can't tell if you are female or male, which is relevant here since I think a young adult female might find Tresiba too restricting (inflexible) for managing BG and monthly cycles.

Meanwhile are you carb counting and how much have you been adjusting your basal and bolus doses since you officially became T1? I'm really trying to get to the root of why your bgs are still high after several months on Multiple Daily Injections (MDI). That is not a criticism of anything that you have (or have not) done in the last 8-9 months; just me trying to understand why you are still high and why you haven't been able to correct that by now. So please don't take any offence at my direct questions.

I also note that you were originally advised to not to go to a very low carb diet and while that advice was appropriate then, if your insulin gets withdrawn by your GP then exercise and carb control will be essential to regain some control over your BG.

What CGM did you end up choosing? How are you finding that? If your diagnosis remains as T2 you will become vulnerable to your GP withdrawing your prescription for CGM. Sorry to hint at this possible bad news, but the NICE Guidance for T2s has been revised and does give a GP some discretion. From other forum members we are reading that such discretion is, so far, not being used - certainly not for T2s without insulin. T2s with insulin might be possible candidates for CGM, but a GP would be subject to constraints from their Integrated Care Board (ICB).

Hope this helps rather than adds confusion.
Hi, thanks for your thorough reply!

I have only had one A1C result since the 105 and that was 88. Since then my libre (the CGM I chose and have stuck with) is predicting my A1C is 55.

I am on 44 units of tresiba each morning. And am on fiasp fact acting 2unit to 10g of carbs for breakfast, 1 unit to 10g of carbs for lunch and 1.5units to 10g of carbs - my levels are under control but still hit 13-15 mmol after meals - I recently upped my tresiba from 40 units to 44 as I was sitting out of range all night and that seems to have helped massively as I’m now back in range whilst I sleep.

I often have high insulin resistance in the morning. I am not obese but not target weight range for my age and height (female age 23). I do have tummy fat which may cause the insulin resistance like Inka suggested?

I plan on phoning my team to get more of an understanding of these results and how he got to this outcome as to me it makes no sense. I think what’s worrying is if they try to stop my insulin and I don’t get a GCM then i am undoing all the work I’ve done to bring my A1c down and am at risk of considerably high BG levels, until I find a way to balance it back out with diet etc.

Hopefully this answers your questions. It’s just all a lot for me to process!
 
Those are reasonably high doses of insulin @Jas_99 and that, along with your C Peptide, does suggest some insulin resistance, which, again, would all fit with Type 2. Although that might be upsetting to think about, the good news is that you might well be able to improve that by losing weight and improving the tummy fat.

One question, assuming you’re female - could you have PCOS?
 
Those are reasonably high doses of insulin @Jas_99 and that, along with your C Peptide, does suggest some insulin resistance, which, again, would all fit with Type 2. Although that might be upsetting to think about, the good news is that you might well be able to improve that by losing weight and improving the tummy fat.

One question, assuming you’re female - could you have PCOS?
Hi 🙂
Surely though if I’m still producing insulin I’d be having constant hypos due to having both my own and artificial insulin?
I’ve queried about having PCOS in the past but doctors always dismissed me, why do you ask?
 
No, if you’re insulin resistant then you’ll be resistant to the insulin you make and you inject. That’s why Type 2s need higher doses of insulin.

PCOS is associated with insulin resistance, which is why I asked 🙂
 
Well, I think it would be a lot for anyone to take on board straightaway @Jas_99. But thank you for your answers. I think @RBZ5416 will be correct - I can't imagine how they could consider taking you off insulin and I also think there are a lot of clever and knowledgeable folk on this forum who can help guide you towards a better (lower) BG. Right now you need to find out what further help you are going to get.

One of my concerns for you was that with a diagnosis of T2 you would fall off the radar and attention of a Hospital Specialist Team (ie your present Consultant and the DSNs). Now knowing just a little bit more about your obvious insulin dependency and your typical doses that seems to me unlikely at present. But I would still put in writing your concerns that you originally posted here. I personally would not leave that to conversation and potential misunderstanding; also it might serve as a conscience jog that you feel lost, scared and (dare I say) potentially abandoned!

My other concern is that T1 makes CGM an entitlement, T2 does not. But let's park (but not forget) that concern for now.

Normally you will see advice about getting the basal right first, then deal with the fiasp bolus. This is not as difficult or daunting as you might fear - indeed it is really easy with Tresiba, but still a correct first step.

Tresiba is unlike any of the other basal insulins and has to be managed uniquely. Many, many people don't realise that at first, including almost every Health Care Professional (HCP) I've met in the last 4 years. You have the advantage of knowing no other basal; I moved to Tresiba from Levermir and my original DSN certainly didn't understand the Tresiba uniqueness; nor did my DAFNE DSN Instructor! Nor did the Hospital pre-op assessment protocol [written by that Hospital's Endocrinology team!!]. Unlike other basals Tresiba has a profile that shows it as typically lasting 40 hours for each daily dose, so today's dose is topping up yesterday's dose. This gives Tresiba a potentially excellent stable base - BUT that carries a much reduced flexibility with dose changes. Any dose change takes at least 2 days to start taking effect and some suggest that changes need 3 days. So once you've derived your optimum Tresiba dose its not something to be altered frequently. I do adjust mine, but typically 4-6 times per year, from warm weather to cooler and back; when ill and BG noticeably high - needing basal boost.

However, it is a rare person whose basal needs are constant 24 hours per day and my Background needs certainly alter within a 24 hr period. I have optimised my Tresiba to keep my night levels very steady, from whenever my last evening bolus has been and gone and obviously being aware of a late snack with no bolus or a bolus correction as I go to bed, which would affect the first part of the night. I.e. throughout my night fasting period. I use the graph from my CGM to literally see my overnight horizontal line and if sloping up my Tresiba is too little or if sloping down its too much. It took a while to find that sweet spot.

Thereafter I use my bolus in conjunction with activity and/or small snacks to regulate my bg throughout all my waking hours, or at least from whenever I start breakfast. I have no concern whether my night fasting Tresiba dose is "right" for my daytime activity; whatever Tresiba is bringing to my daytime party is not seeable by me and is just going on in the background. There is no question of altering my Tresiba to compensate for a different level of activity; my bolus and food eaten has to cover that.

Only you will know if that stability from Tresiba is compatible or manageable with monthly hormonal changes.

Moving on briefly when you find yourself high are you routinely taking fiasp corrections? If so do they achieve your goal? Are you confident about your correction ratios?

I think that's enough for now. I'm far from an expert in D management and have no medical qualifications. I felt abandoned in my D management after my Whipple and had a lousy first 12 months on the high / low BG roller coaster (with no CGM). This made me take ownership of my D management, learning from a couple of T1 books and gleaning a huge amount from this forum; more recently my Endocrinology care has been transferred to a brilliant Centre in Oxford and I feel much better about all of it these days. My TIR is considered very good at >70% and I seem to have things about right (or rather too good) since I'm currently not eligible for a pump with my TIR and HbA1c.

Do keep us informed as matters unfold and please don't hesitate to ask further questions.
 
Just for clarity ( correct me if I am wrong) anyone regardless of type who injects at least twice a day insulin and is at risk of hypo or hypo unaware according to NICE is entitled to CGM. One other thing to consider. Have you asked about ultrasound scan of your pancreas to detect any abnormalities?
 
Just for clarity ( correct me if I am wrong) anyone regardless of type who injects at least twice a day insulin and is at risk of hypo or hypo unaware according to NICE is entitled to CGM. One other thing to consider. Have you asked about ultrasound scan of your pancreas to detect any abnormalities?
I think you’re right, if they agree to keep me on insulin I should still get a CGM - just depends if they listen to me! :/
I’ve not asked for an ultrasound, do you think it’s worth an ask? What could abnormalities cause?
 
I think you’re right, if they agree to keep me on insulin I should still get a CGM - just depends if they listen to me! :/
I wish that I had a photographic memory AND that there were more hours in the 24hr day. Then I could whizz through the NICE Guidelines NG17 for T1 and NG 28 for T2 to highlight the precise wording around eligibility criteria for you @Jas_99. I have looked at each before, hence my wish for the instant memory recall. But extra time is needed to check if your ICB or possibly the former local authorities and CCG that used to oversee the Hospital and GP you use have issued supplementary guidance criteria to those people they provide higher level funding for their prescribing criteria.

And this is part of the problem - the devil is in the detail. As you are about to be changed to T2, you could do worse than Google for NG28 with the highly relevant update from mid 2022, that increased the availability of CGM (some improvement for T2s, whereas huge gain for T1s). Only once you've been able to scrutinise the NG28 detail AND checked there are no extra guidelines from your regional ICB which might contradict NG28
- then you will have a better feel for whether "your case" is going to be straightforward to allow you to be keeping your present prescribed CGM.

Meanwhile I'm working on something else and until that is finished I risk the wrath of my wife if I allow myself to become too distracted!
I’ve not asked for an ultrasound, do you think it’s worth an ask? What could abnormalities cause?
The answer to that partly depends on how much, if any, your natural resistance to insulin has already been investigated. I suspect from your posts, not a lot. But since the assumption is that you are T2 because you have plenty of insulin, but your body can't use that insulin effectively, then this is not a pancreatic issue and I guess an Ultrasound of your pancreas won't reveal much. But that is only my guess and I barely know anything about what causes insulin resistance.

My first port of call would be to do a search in this forum and Diabetes UK. If you should then Google this I'd start with only UK websites. That is not because we are the world leaders in such things, but there will be different interpretations and "answers" from around the world, but you need to know how the UK experts view this ailment leading to what the NHS is prepared to do to help. I think no point in knowing about other National views at this stage.
 
I think you’re right, if they agree to keep me on insulin I should still get a CGM - just depends if they listen to me! :/
I’ve not asked for an ultrasound, do you think it’s worth an ask? What could abnormalities cause?
That is a long answer. For the short version I can only relay my experience. I recently had a scan that revealed a “patchy” pancreas image. This is yet to be assessed by the endo consultant that I have yet
to ever meet, speak or communicate with and they seem reluctant to do so. I am waiting for a response. My GP suspects pancreatitis may have been a factor. I am told by others on the forum that it can be related to type 3c such as cysts or other abnormalities. I don’t know my type as the consultant won’t confirm it. I am currently on Metformin plus low carb but often BG will be out of range so may end up back on insulin. My take home message is it’s up to us to monitor the condition and press for help when needed. I started off being classed as possible T1 and was on insulin - I got lots of help. Now I am partially responding to T2 treatment it seems you are left to your own devices. Having said that injecting up to 6 times a day is no fun.
 
That is a long answer.
I agree. Must do better. Trouble is, as you know only too well @JamietDE6 when someone lies both as T1 and T2 OR neither is clear (hence you describing yourself as other type) - there are numerous contradictions to follow up.
For the short version I can only relay my experience. I recently had a scan that revealed a “patchy” pancreas image. This is yet to be assessed by the endo consultant that I have yet to ever meet, speak or communicate with and they seem reluctant to do so. I am waiting for a response. My GP suspects pancreatitis may have been a factor.
The result of your scan could be interesting to others, as well as yourself, I think. What made your GP suspect pancreatitis could be an issue? Had you had symptoms in the far or recent past?

While both you and @Jas_99 came to Diabetes in early 2023 and are sharing similar sorts of confusion about type of D, there has been no hint from @Jas_99 of prior panc'y problems. Her original symptoms as presented in her low 20s did fit a T1 diagnosis before her test results overturned that presentation and her high insulin needs do fit with high insulin resistance.
I am told by others on the forum that it can be related to type 3c such as cysts or other abnormalities.
Yes, that could be appropriate. Currently the Type of Diabetes is attributed from symptoms and thus diagnosis. I am increasingly realising that, for a few people at least, little is black and white in D Type attributions.

The T3 categories essentially emerged from a Symposium in the States (pre Covid) where attendees were recognising that some forms of D were clearly not T1 with autoimmune symptoms, nor T2 with insulin production but excessive insulin resistance. Some people had become diabetic because of other circumstances; not just pancreatitis, but from steroids essential for AN Other ailment, or alcohol damage, or as in my case surgical removal to defeat the cancerous tumour strangling my panc'y; and so on leading to a lengthy list of circumstances where that co-morbidity could even need treatment that sat in contradiction to normal diabetes treatment (eg steroids). T3 types are a very small proportion of the total no of Ds in UK and the T3 attributions are gradually becoming accepted in NHS parlance - but essentially sit as special (or what feels like "odd-ball") cases.

If it were not for the pretty ridiculous idea in UK that only T1s are entitled to CGM, then the Type attribution would be far less important. If all insulin dependent Ds were entitled to be considered for CGM on prescription, then I personally wouldn't care a jot what attribution I was given. As it happens after surgery I was discharged "as T1" which meant I was able to cajole various HCPs to step up and provide the care I needed, including CGM.

My challenge was in finding out how to wade through the treacle or blatant obfuscation of what was available to help me. This forum has been a Godsend for that. After 10 months of fp only I found myself wrestling with my GP who arbitrarily cut my test strips to 4 x daily, ignorant to the consequence that I could no longer properly manage my panc'y-less state nor meet the DVLA driving requirements. Even more extraordinarily my GP was supported in that decision by my Hospital based DSN - who was turning out to be a delightful human being but totally incompetent D Specialist. I was able to transfer to a noticeably more competent Hospital, thankfully.
I don’t know my type as the consultant won’t confirm it. I am currently on Metformin plus low carb but often BG will be out of range so may end up back on insulin.
Having speed-read back into your story since Feb 23 I can see that you have had a confusing and contradictory process of arriving at "other type". I can also be a bit dispassionate and see that while there is another question hanging around (scaan for pancreatitis damage) you will continue to be in limbo to get that definitive diagnosis.
My take home message is it’s up to us to monitor the condition and press for help when needed.
I absolutely agree with your message. We have to take ownership and be our own advocates for help and treatment. But most of the time how to do that is far from clear and (being generous) the overstretched NHS seems intent on keeping that clarity away from patients.
I started off being classed as possible T1 and was on insulin - I got lots of help. Now I am partially responding to T2 treatment it seems you are left to your own devices. Having said that injecting up to 6 times a day is no fun.
I also agree Multiple Daily Injections (MDI) is not much fun. I'm lucky enough to know my panc'y just had to go (loads of cancerous nodes within the tumour) and I'm still alive - thanks to MDI. CGM gives an amazing insight and a great help in reducing the stress of MDI. I know this from my 1st year on MDI without CGM. (How did I survive? A daily roller-coaster of hypo to hyper and back.)

Trying to see this from @Jas_99's perspective her "other type" does seem to indicate considerable insulin resistance which, to my non-medical view, is a fair bit different to yourself @JamietDE6. What does seem unusual is for that to be so at age 24. But perhaps this is a consequence of 21st century norms, in comparison to my background born in 1949. We keep hearing about processed foods being questionable - they are hard to avoid today and they are also clearly convenient.

Finding a path forward will be challenging for @Jas_99. Personally I wouldn't trust the HCPs I originally had to truly help me. I was parked to be treated as an infirm OAP; with 5 or 6 co-morbidities. I had to fight that and make my own way forward - which started with finding out what existed, then how to get it while concurrently informing and co-ordinating those 5 or 6 Consultants.

Sorry, too long again!
 
You have hit the same problem I have lived with ref diagnosis. The medical profession has not updated itself on beta cell death causes. It can be caused by more than antibodies such as viruses and late onset T1 is less likely to be caused by antibodies. As such relying on GAD antibodies to define T1 is absurd. To then place people like you and me into the T2 group is equally silly as T2 is generally defined as those who are insulin resistant and possibly overweight. I have been slim all my life and with quite low C-peptide at my last test and as my insulin production has continued to drop I suspect I now fall into the T1 level. I had a long chat with my diabetes consultant and he treats me as T1 regardless but is expected to follow C-Peptide guidelines. As the test is known to be not very precise you end up in a grey area but definitely not T2.
 
Antibody test - results positive 54.5kiu/L
Islet Cell antibodies negative
ZnT8 antibodies negative
c-Peptide 1577pmol/L consistant with insulin production

Sorry to hear about the anxiety the potential reclassification of your diabetes is clearly causing you. :( :( :(

I looked up the reference range for cPeptide, and found this:

Normal Range

The normal range for fasting blood C-peptide levels is around 0.8 3.85 ng/mL or 0.26 1.27 nmol/L (260 1270 pmol/L). Ranges can vary between laboratories.
Levels below 0.6 ng/mL (0.2 nmol/L) are a sign of possible beta cell failure and type 1 diabetes [2, 1].
Blood levels will increase after a meal to about 3 9 ng/mL (1 – 3 nmol/L or 3000 – 9000 pmol/L)) in healthy people. This measurement is referred to as postprandial C-peptide [1, 2].

Which suggests your cPeptide is high for a fasting test, but low for a non-fasting test. Had you eaten in the 2-3 hours before the blood was drawn?

The NICE guidance for T1 (NG17) says T1 diagnosis should be based mostly on clinical presentation. Partly this is because the evidence for antibody and cPep tests suggests they aren’t as precise and definitive as we would all hope they would be, and need careful interpretation.

1.1 Diagnosis and early care plan

Initial diagnosis

1.1.1

Make an initial diagnosis of type 1 diabetes on clinical grounds in adults presenting with hyperglycaemia. Bear in mind that people with type 1 diabetes typically (but not always) have 1 or more of:
  • ketosis
  • rapid weight loss
  • age of onset under 50 years
  • body mass index (BMI) below 25 kg/m2
  • personal and/or family history of autoimmune disease. [2015, amended 2022]

1.1.2

Do not use age or BMI alone to exclude or diagnose type 1 diabetes in adults. [2022]

1.1.3

Take into consideration the possibility of other diabetes subtypes and revisit the diagnosis at subsequent clinical reviews. Carry out further investigations if there is uncertainty (see recommendations 1.1.7 and 1.1.8). [2022]

1.1.4

Measure diabetes-specific autoantibodies in adults with an initial diagnosis of type 1 diabetes, taking into account that:
  • the false negative rate of diabetes-specific autoantibody tests is lowest at the time of diagnosis
  • the false negative rate can be reduced by carrying out quantitative tests for 2 different diabetes-specific autoantibodies (with at least 1 being positive). [2022]

1.1.5

Do not routinely measure serum C‑peptide to confirm type 1 diabetes in adults. [2022]

1.1.6

In people with a negative diabetes-specific autoantibody result, and if diabetes classification remains uncertain, consider measuring non-fasting serum C‑peptide (with a paired blood glucose). [2022]


Did you have ketones at your initial diagnosis?

I note from the above that measuring multiple antibodies reduces the risk of false negative. And at least 1 being positive is consistent with T1. I also note that the guidance suggests non-fasting cPeptide, with paired blood glucose.

Yours does seem to be an atypical case. At 23, normal weight, and immediately requiring insulin you certainly don’t fit the classic phenotype of T2. Perhaps you might ask what the benefit to you as a patient would be to be classed T2, given that your treatment is likely to be to continue on basal:bolus insulin which is the standard for T1. I agree with others that your insulin resistance probably needs investigating.
 
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Hi everyone,
Thankyou for all your amazing replies it’s really appreciated! I had my appointment today and they basically said they’re unsure what type I am (type 1,2 or LADA) so they plan on starting me on metformin and then eventually Gliclazide with the plan to start reducing my Fiasp and eventually stop if my body responds to the treatment. If this happens and my levels start to stabilise then I can slowly come off tresiba. They want to redo the cpeptide test at the end of the year to see if I am producing less.
He said I’m allowed to keep my libre until I come off fiasp and if my body doesn’t respond then they will keep me on insulin and reevaluate after my next blood test.
It’s purely a waiting game now to see which treatment my body responds to
 
@everydayupsanddowns , I see that CG15 was superseded by NG17. Despite that revise, does this change the diagnosis parameters?

@Jas_99 sorry to read that you are still in limbo with your diagnosis, but it sounds as though your appointment was sensible and has potential for finding a way forward. Was this appointment with a Consultant?

Was a possible time frame mapped out including a next date? That alone (a next date) would leave me with a sense of future guidance and help. If not, did you ask for a copy of the report from the appointment to be sent to you as well as to your medical records? I think what I'm slightly fearing on your part is that you could now fall off their radar and get abandoned in a paper-trail. If you feel there is even a slight risk of that phone or email the Consultant's Secretary and ask to receive your personal copy of the report and if no future date planned specifically ask for a review in 'x' months time.

At age 24 you would be pretty unusual to be T2 and now is the time to get this wrestled with rather than drifting into no real diagnosis with no real resolution for coming years or decades. As an insulin dependent T1 you can claim all the help you need and get a decent future with sound D management; there is lots of tech today to help and potentially much more in coming years. As a definite and clear T2 you might need to adopt a distinct dietary regime for years to come in order to have a comfortable future - but that would probably be a price worth paying; there is also potential tech to help you with that. Just don't let the system "park you" and possibly blight your future. Its your D, you've made great strides in trying to take ownership of it and get some resolution. Keep up your diligence and that ownership, be your own advocate (documenting where necessary - yes, I know that is a faff, but it is worth the effort) and thus hold HCPs accountable!
 
I see that CG15 was superseded by NG17. Despite that revise, does this change the diagnosis parameters?

Apologies! Obviously having a moment. It was NG17 I quoted and linked to. Sorry!
 
reading this thread has been helpful, thank you all for those responses. my own situation is a type 2 classification because I have moderate c peptide and gad antibody and to be treated as type 2.
 
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