Training, Mike! Think of how many utterly stupid labradors (or any other breed of dog) you may have met in your life, yet how very many labradors train into brilliant Guide Dogs for the Blind !
Some friends of ours often house puppies for them, regular walks in mixed environments, basic things like learning to sit at kerbs whilst only crossing a busy road at a crossing and have been doing that for about 40 years. Sometimes depending on their stage and their development, we are asked not to fuss them, or only do it ONCE. They are only usually allowed to live in their (big LOL) kitchen and the confines of their back garden, not in the rest of their sprawling bungalow. Lots of games though whilst out in parks etc, to keep a check on their recall and sight/hearing - they specify which toys they should use at what age, to chuck for them to retrieve to start to distinguish 'play' from 'on duty'.
Really interesting - but their real training only starts when they go back to Leamington.